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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afschar</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Afschar</b>, stärker eingedeutscht auch <b>Afscharen</b> (moderne türkische Schreibweise: <i>Afşar</i> oder <i>Avşar</i>, <a href="Persische_Sprache" title="Persische Sprache">persisch</a> <bdo dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl" lang="fa" class="arabic spanAr" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:120%;">افشار</bdi></bdo>, <a href="DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DMG</a> <i><span lang="fa-Latn" style="font-style:italic">Afšār</span></i>), waren ein bedeutender <a href="Oghusen" title="Oghusen">Oghusen</a>-Stamm, die wiederum zu den <a href="Turkv%C3%B6lker" title="Turkvölker">Turkvölkern</a> gehören.
</p><p><a href="Mahmud_al-K%C4%81schghar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Kāschgharī">Mahmud al-Kāschgharī</a> erwähnte sie unter dem Namen <i>Afschar</i> als einen der 24 oghusischen Stämme. Als <a href="Totem" title="Totem">Totemtier</a> hatten sie einen <a href="Wanderfalke" title="Wanderfalke">Wanderfalken</a>. Ihr Stammesname bedeutet im <a href="Altt%C3%BCrkische_Sprache" title="Alttürkische Sprache">Alttürkischen</a> <i>begeistert nach Tierjagd</i>.
</p><p>Die Afscharen sind mit den Seldschuken im 11. Jahrhundert aus <a href="Zentralasien" title="Zentralasien">Zentralasien</a> nach <a href="Anatolien" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolien">Anatolien</a> und in den Nahen Osten gekommen; einige Gruppen siedelten ab dem 14. Jahrhundert zudem auf dem Balkan. Die Afschar gründeten viele Dynastien und Reiche, darunter die <a href="Afschariden" title="Afschariden">Afschariden</a>, <a href="Beylik_von_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Beylik von Aydın">Aydiniden</a>, <a href="Germiyan" title="Germiyan">Germiyaniden</a>, <a href="Karaman_(Beylik)" title="Karaman (Beylik)">Qaramaniden</a>, <a href="Mentesche" title="Mentesche">Mentesche</a>-Oghullari, <a href="Zengiden" title="Zengiden">Zengiden</a>, <a href="Dulkadir" title="Dulkadir">Dulkadiriden</a> und das <a href="Khanat_Karabach" title="Khanat Karabach">Khanat Karabach</a>. Den größten Einfluss hatte <a href="Nader_Schah" title="Nader Schah">Nader Schah Afschar</a>, der als <a href="Schah" title="Schah">Schah</a> <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Persiens</a> von 1736 bis 1747 regierte, und die Dynastie der Afschariden gründete. Sein Sohn <a href="Joseph_von_Semlin" title="Joseph von Semlin">Joseph von Semlin</a> war ein <a href="Offizier" title="Offizier">Offizier</a> in Diensten der <a href="Habsburgermonarchie" title="Habsburgermonarchie">Habsburgermonarchie</a>.
</p><p>Heute gibt es noch Reste des Stammes in der Türkei, in Aserbaidschan sowie in weiteren Staaten des Nahen Ostens und auf dem Balkan. In der heutigen Türkei gibt es 55 Orte mit dem Namen <i>Afşar</i> oder <i>Avşar</i>, im Iran 23 und in Afghanistan sieben Orte mit dem Namen <i>Afschar</i> oder <i>Avschar</i> und in Aserbaidschan einen Ort mit dem Namen <i>Avşar</i>.
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<p>Als Muttersprache sprechen die Nachfahren der Afscharen heute verschiedene <a href="T%C3%BCrkische_Sprache" title="Türkische Sprache">türkische</a> und <a href="Aserbaidschanische_Sprache" title="Aserbaidschanische Sprache">aserbaidschanische</a> Dialekte. Im Iran und in Afghanistan sind sie weitestgehend assimiliert und sprechen meist die <a href="Persische_Sprache" title="Persische Sprache">Persische Sprache</a>. Die bis vor wenigen Generationen noch attestierte, nach ihnen benannte <a href="Afscharische_Sprache" title="Afscharische Sprache">afscharische Sprache</a> wird nur noch von wenigen, meist älteren Afscharen verstanden und gesprochen. Die Afscharen sind auch für ihre besonderen, handgeknüpften <a href="Afschar_(Teppich)" title="Afschar (Teppich)">Afschar-Teppiche</a> bekannt, die noch in den 1990er Jahren nach althergebrachter Tradition mit typischen Mustern hergestellt wurden. Diese Muster werden selbst im herkömmlichen, so genannten <a href="Perserteppich" title="Perserteppich">Perserteppich</a> verwendet.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Thomson Gale: <i>Encyclopedia of The Modern Middle East and North Africa</i>, Detroit 2004, S. 1112.</li>
<li>Georg Stöber: <i>Die Afshār. Nomadismus im Raum Kermān (Zentraliran)</i>. Geographisches Institut, Marburg/Lahn 1978 (= Marburger Geographische Schriften, 76)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baluch-rugs.com/History/People/Afshar_Anatolia.htm">The Afshar of Anatolia – aus: <i>Impressions of Turkey during twelve years' wanderings</i> von William Mitchell Ramsay, G.P. Putnam's sons, 1897</a> (engl.)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/articles/afsharids-dynasty">Artikel Afsharids (zur Dynastie der Afshariden), Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> (engl.)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konig-tapis.ch/SOV/FR/Torba/RepEthno/297f10-16.pdf">Edi Kistler: <i>Les Afshars</i>. In: torba Report 2/97</a> (frz.; PDF; 450 kB)</li></ul>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Liste_der_oghusischen_St%C3%A4mme" title="Liste der oghusischen Stämme">Die 24 oghusischen Stämme</a></div>
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<tr style="font-weight:normal;"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="Kay%C4%B1" title="Kayı">Kayığ</a><br><a href="Bayat" title="Bayat">Bayat</a><br><a href="Alkaevli" title="Alkaevli">Alka-Bölük</a><br><a href="Karaevli" title="Karaevli">Kara-Bölük</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="Yaz%C4%B1r" title="Yazır">Yazğır</a><br><a href="D%C3%B6%C4%9Fer" title="Döğer">Töker</a><br><a href="Dodurga" title="Dodurga">Totırka</a><br><a href="Yaparl%C4%B1" title="Yaparlı">Yaparlı</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afşar</a><br><a href="K%C4%B1z%C4%B1k" title="Kızık">Kızık</a><br><a href="Begdili" title="Begdili">Begtili</a><br><a href="Kark%C4%B1n" title="Karkın">Karkın</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="Bay%C4%B1nd%C4%B1r" title="Bayındır">Bayundur</a><br><a href="Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen">Beçenek</a><br><a href="%C3%87avuldur" title="Çavuldur">Çuvaldar</a><br><a href="%C3%87epni" title="Çepni">Çepni</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="Salur" title="Salur">Salğur</a><br><a href="Eym%C3%BCr" title="Eymür">Eymür</a><br><a href="Ulayundlu%C4%9F" title="Ulayundluğ">Ulayuntluğ</a><br><a href="Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüregir</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width: 2em; height: 2em;"><span style="font: 1px/1px serif;"> </span></div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="%C4%B0%C4%9Fdir" title="İğdir">İgdir</a><br><a href="B%C3%BC%C4%9Fd%C3%BCz" title="Büğdüz">Bügdüz</a><br><a href="Y%C4%B1va" title="Yıva">Yıva</a><br><a href="K%C4%B1n%C4%B1k" title="Kınık">Kınık</a></td></tr>
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